Linear regression and correlation

The ASTA team

The regression problem

We want to predict

trees <- read.delim("https://asta.math.aau.dk/datasets?file=trees.txt")

Initial graphics

library(mosaic)
library(GGally)
ggscatmat(trees) # Scatter plot matrix from GGally package

Simple linear regression

gf_point(Volume ~ Girth, data = trees) %>% gf_lm()

Model for linear regression

Least squares

The prediction equation and residuals

Estimation of conditional standard deviation

Example in R

model <- lm(Volume ~ Girth, data = trees)
summary(model)
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = Volume ~ Girth, data = trees)
## 
## Residuals:
##    Min     1Q Median     3Q    Max 
## -8.065 -3.107  0.152  3.495  9.587 
## 
## Coefficients:
##             Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept) -36.9435     3.3651  -10.98 7.62e-12 ***
## Girth         5.0659     0.2474   20.48  < 2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 4.252 on 29 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.9353, Adjusted R-squared:  0.9331 
## F-statistic: 419.4 on 1 and 29 DF,  p-value: < 2.2e-16

Test for independence

Example

summary(model)
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = Volume ~ Girth, data = trees)
## 
## Residuals:
##    Min     1Q Median     3Q    Max 
## -8.065 -3.107  0.152  3.495  9.587 
## 
## Coefficients:
##             Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept) -36.9435     3.3651  -10.98 7.62e-12 ***
## Girth         5.0659     0.2474   20.48  < 2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 4.252 on 29 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.9353, Adjusted R-squared:  0.9331 
## F-statistic: 419.4 on 1 and 29 DF,  p-value: < 2.2e-16

Confidence interval for slope

confint(model)
##                  2.5 %     97.5 %
## (Intercept) -43.825953 -30.060965
## Girth         4.559914   5.571799

Correlation

cor(trees)
##            Girth    Height    Volume
## Girth  1.0000000 0.5192801 0.9671194
## Height 0.5192801 1.0000000 0.5982497
## Volume 0.9671194 0.5982497 1.0000000
cor(trees[,c("Height", "Girth", "Volume")])

which produces the same output as above.

cor(trees$Height, trees$Volume)
## [1] 0.5982497

R-squared: Reduction in prediction error

R-squared: Reduction in prediction error

Graphical illustration of sums of squares

\(r^2\): Reduction in prediction error

summary(model)
## 
## Call:
## lm(formula = Volume ~ Girth, data = trees)
## 
## Residuals:
##    Min     1Q Median     3Q    Max 
## -8.065 -3.107  0.152  3.495  9.587 
## 
## Coefficients:
##             Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept) -36.9435     3.3651  -10.98 7.62e-12 ***
## Girth         5.0659     0.2474   20.48  < 2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Residual standard error: 4.252 on 29 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared:  0.9353, Adjusted R-squared:  0.9331 
## F-statistic: 419.4 on 1 and 29 DF,  p-value: < 2.2e-16